Jobs In Philosophy
KUNSTPHILOSOPHIE UND ÄSTHETIK
DIPLOMASSISTENTENSTELLE (100 %)
frühestens ab 01.08.2019 oder nach Vereinbarung
Aufgaben
•Durchführung eines Proseminars pro Semester im genannten Gebiet. Unterrichtssprachen: Deutsch und/oder Französisch
•Unterstützung der Verwaltungs- und Forschungstätigkeit
•Eigene Forschung/ Promotionsvorbereitung
Anforderungen
•Master, Lizentiat oder gleichwertiger Abschluss in Philosophie
•Gute Deutsch-, Französisch- und Englischkenntnisse
•Forschungsvorhaben im Gebiet Philosophie der Kunst/Ästhetik oder in einem Forschungsbereich des Stelleninhabers
Bewerbungsunterlagen
Bewerbungen samt Lebenslauf und Forschungsvorhaben sind
bis zum 30. Juni 2019 beim Departement für Philosophie, Universität Freiburg, Miséricorde, CH-1700 Fribourg
in elektronischer Form einzureichen: philosophie [__at__] unifr [dot] ch
Für inhaltliche Rückfragen:
Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Alloa
emmanuel [dot] alloa [__at__] unisg [dot] ch
https://www.academia.edu/39401784/JOB_APPLICATION_-_Assistant_Position_i...
The positions will be at a newly established interdisciplinary department for Society, Technology and Human Factors at the HumTec Center. It is an open, supportive environment with ample chances to cooperate with colleagues from life sciences, engineering, and medicine next to social sciences and humanities. The position is linked to the “Cluster of Excellence“ in Internet of Production and the applicant should have an interest in cooperating with engineers and computer scientists while developing their own research line.
Please follow the link for more details concerning application.
The University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, invites applications for a position of
Full Professor (83,33%) or Assistant Professor with Tenure Track (75%) in Theoretical Philosophy
Job description: the successful candidate has an outstanding publication record. She/he is specialised in at least one of following areas: metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, social ontology. Candidates specialised in the history of some of these areas are also invited to apply, provided their research exhibits strong links with contemporary theoretical philosophy. The successful candidate should be able to teach at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels outside its areas of specialisation, in particular in logic and/or history of philosophy.
The successful candidate will join two others recently appointed professors at the Institute of philosophy. We are looking for an original and scrupulous researcher, enthusiastic and committed teacher, efficient and ambitious fundraiser, willing to be strongly involved in the development of our Institute.
Requirements:
● Doctorate in philosophy
● AOS: metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, social ontology
● AOC: logic or history of philosophy
● Outstanding publication record
● Willingness and ability to teach outside one’s areas of specialisation
● Experience and efficiency in fundraising
● Strong teaching skills
● Courses will be taught in French. Non-French speakers are expected to teach in French after a two-year period.
Institute: the professor will belong to the Institute of Philosophy at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences.
Specifications:
● Teaching: 6 periods of 45 minutes per week each semester of the full professor (83,33%); 3 periods of 45 minutes per week for the assistant professor (75%). Teaching consists in courses and seminars at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels
● Supervision of Master and PhD thesis
● Participation to the administration of the Institute of Philosophy, of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences and to others tasks at the level of the faculty
● Participations to the scientific activities of the Institute
● Personal research, submission of research projects, building of a research team
● Definition of the long-term strategy of the Institute of philosophy in terms of teaching, research and promotion of philosophy, together with the two other professors
Assistant: a doctoral assistant can be hired by the successful candidate. The quota will be determined at the end of the competition
Appointment: for the full professor (83,33%): the successful candidate is initially appointed for a period of four years, which may eventually be extended by two years. After this time, the confirmation of the nomination for an indeterminate time can be obtained on the basis of an evaluation. The full professor is further subjected to an evaluation procedure every six years during his career.
For the assistant professor (75%): The candidate will have the opportunity to obtain a tenured position as full professor (professeur ordinaire) at 83,33%. Before the end of the 4th year, an evaluation will be made. The University of Neuchâtel wishes the assistant professor to present an evaluation of excellent level. Depending on the evaluation, the possibility of obtaining the tenure as full professor at 83,33%. Alternatively, after the 4 years, a new period of 2 years of assistant professor may also be considered, preceding the possible tenure as full professor at 83,33%.
Salary: full professor (professeur ordinaire, 83%): http://www.unine.ch/srh/professeur-e-s-categorie-a ; assistant professor (75%): http://www.unine.ch/srh/professeur-e-s-categorie-b.
Starting date: August 1st 2020, or upon agreement.
Application deadline: 16th August, 2019.
The applications should be uploaded onto www.unine.ch/candis (ref. Philo-Théorique) in the form of a single pdf file including a motivation letter, a detailed CV, a list of publications, copies of diplomas, a list of three experts able to assess the competence of the candidate and a statement (three pages max.) of teaching and research interests and projects that he/she anticipates developing in Neuchâtel. Please do not send publications; candidates who are successful in the first round will be asked to provide writing samples.
Information : further information may be obtained by contacting the Head of the Hiring Committee prof. Olivier Massin (olivier [dot] massin [__at__] unine [dot] ch) or the Dean of the Faculty, (doyen [dot] lettres [__at__] unine [dot] ch), as well as by visiting the Faculty website at www.unine.ch/philo.
The University of Neuchâtel is committed to providing non-discriminatory working conditions.
The University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, invites applications for a position of
Full Professor (83,33%) or Assistant Professor with Tenure Track (75%) in
Practical Philosophy
Job description: the successful candidate has an outstanding publication record. She/he is specialised in at least one of following areas: meta-ethics, aesthetics, decision theory, philosophy of action. Candidates specialised in the history of some of these areas are also invited to apply, provided their research exhibits strong links with contemporary practical philosophy. The successful candidate should be able to teach at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels outside its areas of specialisation, in particular in logic and/or history of philosophy.
The successful candidate will join two others recently appointed professors at the Institute of philosophy. We are looking for an original and scrupulous researcher, enthusiastic and committed teacher, efficient and ambitious fundraiser, willing to be strongly involved in the development of our Institute.
Requirements:
● Doctorate in philosophy
● AOS: : meta-ethics, aesthetics, decision theory, philosophy of action
● AOC: logic or history of philosophy
● Outstanding publication record
● Willingness and ability to teach outside one’s areas of specialisation
● Experience and efficiency in fundraising
● Strong teaching skills
● Courses will be taught in French. Non-French speakers are expected to teach in French after a two-year period
Institute: the professor will belong to the Institute of Philosophy at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences.
Specifications:
● Teaching: 6 periods of 45 minutes per week each semester of the full professor (83,33%); 3 periods of 45 minutes per week for the assistant professor (75%). Teaching consists in courses and seminars at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels
● Supervision of Master and PhD thesis
● Participation to the administration of the Institute of Philosophy, of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences and to others tasks at the level of the faculty
● Participations to the scientific activities of the Institute
● Personal research, submission of research projects, building of a research team
● Definition of the long-term strategy of the Institute of philosophy in terms of teaching, research and promotion of philosophy, together with the two other professors
Assistant: a doctoral assistant can be hired by the successful candidate. The quota will be determined at the end of the competition.
Appointment: for the full professor (83,33%): the successful candidate is initially appointed for a period of four years, which may eventually be extended by two years. After this time, the confirmation of the nomination for an indeterminate time can be obtained on the basis of an evaluation. The full professor is further subjected to an evaluation procedure every six years during his career.
For the assistant professor (75%): The candidate will have the opportunity to obtain a tenured position as full professor (professeur ordinaire) at 83,33%. Before the end of the 4th year, an evaluation will be made. The University of Neuchâtel wishes the assistant professor to present an evaluation of excellent level. Depending on the evaluation, the possibility of obtaining the tenure as full professor at 83,33%. Alternatively, after the 4 years, a new period of 2 years of assistant professor may also be considered, preceding the possible tenure as full professor at 83,33%.
Salary: full professor (professeur ordinaire, 83,33%): http://www.unine.ch/srh/professeur-e-s-categorie-a; assistant professor (75%): http://www.unine.ch/srh/professeur-e-s-categorie-b.
Starting date: August 1st, 2020, or upon agreement.
Application deadline: 16th August, 2019.
The applications should be uploaded onto www.unine.ch/candis (ref. Philo-Pratique) in the form of a single pdf file including a motivation letter, a detailed CV, a list of publications, copies of diplomas, a list of three experts able to assess the competence of the candidate and a statement (three pages max.) of teaching and research interests and projects that he/she anticipates developing in Neuchâtel. Please do not send publications; candidates who are successful in the first round will be asked to provide writing samples.
Information : further information may be obtained by contacting the Head of the Hiring Committee prof. Olivier. Massin (olivier [dot] massin [__at__] unine [dot] ch) or the Dean of the Faculty,(doyen [dot] lettres [__at__] unine [dot] ch), as well as by visiting the Faculty website at www.unine.ch/philo.
The University of Neuchâtel is committed to providing non-discriminatory working conditions
Le ou la titulaire de ce poste à temps plein assumera des enseignements réguliers aux trois cycles de la formation universitaire à la Faculté de philosophie dans le champ décrit. Il ou elle devra contribuer par ses publications à la recherche en histoire de la philosophie politique et devra superviser des travaux de maîtrise et de doctorat des étudiants et étudiantes de philosophie dans ce domaine. Il ou elle devra de plus participer aux activités universitaires et administratives de l’unité de rattachement.
Critères de sélection
Doctorat en philosophie ou l’équivalent au moment de l’embauche. Solides connaissances d'oeuvres ou de courants propres à la période historique couverte par ce poste. Capacité d’entreprendre des recherches autonomes et originales dans le domaine, avec des perspectives de diffusion internationale. Expérience d’enseignement. Publications scientifiques pertinentes.
Candidature
Date limite du dépôt de candidatures: 2 septembre 2019
Date d'entrée en fonction: 1er janvier 2020
Faire parvenir en version numérisée un curriculum vitae, accompagné d’une lettre de présentation, d’une copie des relevés de notes, d’une copie d’une publication et de trois lettres de recommandation à l’attention de monsieur Luc Langlois, Doyen, à decanat [__at__] fp [dot] ulaval [dot] ca.
Valorisant la diversité, l'Université Laval invite toutes les personnes qualifiées à présenter leur candidature, en particulier les femmes, les membres de minorités visibles et ethniques, les autochtones et les personnes handicapées. La priorité sera toutefois accordée aux personnes ayant le statut de citoyen canadien ou de résident permanent.
La Faculté de philosophie de l’Université Laval souhaite combler un poste de professeur régulier au rang d’adjoint en philosophie analytique.
Le ou la titulaire de ce poste à temps plein assumera des enseignements réguliers aux trois cycles de la formation universitaire à la Faculté de philosophie dans les différents champs de la philosophie analytique. Il ou elle devra contribuer par ses publications à la recherche en philosophie analytique et devra superviser des travaux de maîtrise et de doctorat des étudiants et étudiantes de philosophie dans ce domaine. Il ou elle devra de plus participer aux activités universitaires et administratives de l’unité de rattachement.
Critères de sélection
Doctorat dans le domaine de la philosophie analytique au moment de l’embauche. Des compétences dans plus d’un champ de la philosophie analytique seront un atout. Capacité d’entreprendre des recherches autonomes et originales dans le domaine, avec des perspectives de diffusion internationale. Expérience d’enseignement. Publications scientifiques pertinentes.
Conditions
Engagement et traitement
Salaire selon la convention collective en vigueur.
Candidature
Date limite du dépôt de candidatures: 2 septembre 2019
Date d'entrée en fonction: 1er janvier 2020
Faire parvenir en version numérisée un curriculum vitae, accompagné d’une lettre de présentation, d’une copie des relevés de notes, d’une copie d’une publication et de trois lettres de recommandation à l’attention de monsieur Luc Langlois, Doyen, à decanat [__at__] fp [dot] ulaval [dot] ca
Valorisant la diversité, l'Université Laval invite toutes les personnes qualifiées à présenter leur candidature, en particulier les femmes, les membres de minorités visibles et ethniques, les autochtones et les personnes handicapées. La priorité sera toutefois accordée aux personnes ayant le statut de citoyen canadien ou de résident permanent.
La Faculté de philosophie de l’Université Laval souhaite combler un poste de professeur régulier au rang d’adjoint en philosophie médiévale.
Milieu de vie privilégié au cœur de la ville de Québec, l’Université Laval est une grande université complète reconnue pour sa culture de l’excellence en enseignement et en recherche.
Description du poste
Le ou la titulaire de ce poste à temps plein assumera des enseignements réguliers aux trois cycles de la formation universitaire à la Faculté de philosophie dans le champ annoncé. Il ou elle devra contribuer par ses publications à la recherche en philosophie médiévale et devra superviser des travaux de maîtrise et de doctorat des étudiants et étudiantes de philosophie dans ce domaine. Il ou elle devra de plus participer aux activités universitaires et administratives de l’unité de rattachement.
Critères de sélection
Doctorat en philosophie ou l’équivalent au moment de l’embauche. Solides connaissances de l’ensemble de la philosophie médiévale et de ses représentants majeurs. Connaissance supérieure du latin et solide connaissance du grec ancien, la connaissance de l’arabe et de la philosophie arabe représentant un atout. Compétence en paléographie et en édition de textes philosophiques médiévaux. Capacité d’entreprendre des recherches autonomes et originales dans le domaine, avec des perspectives de diffusion internationale. Expérience d’enseignement. Publications scientifiques pertinentes.
Conditions
Engagement et traitement
Salaire selon la convention collective en vigueur.
Candidature
Date limite du dépôt de candidatures: 30 août 2019
Date d'entrée en fonction: 1er janvier 2020
Faire parvenir en version numérisée un curriculum vitae, accompagné d’une lettre de présentation, d’une copie des relevés de notes, d’une copie d’une publication et de trois lettres de recommandation à l’attention de monsieur Luc Langlois, Doyen, à decanat [__at__] fp [dot] ulaval [dot] ca
Valorisant la diversité, l'Université Laval invite toutes les personnes qualifiées à présenter leur candidature, en particulier les femmes, les membres de minorités visibles et ethniques, les autochtones et les personnes handicapées. La priorité sera toutefois accordée aux personnes ayant le statut de citoyen canadien ou de résident permanent.
Areas of specialization:
a) Philosophy of Science and/or Philosophy of Technology
https://jobs.tue.nl/en/vacancy/assistant-professor-in-philosophy-of-scie...
b) Meta-ethics, Normative Ethics and/or Applied Ethics
https://jobs.tue.nl/en/vacancy/assistant-professor-in-ethics-558601.html
These are proper faculty positions with an expectation that the employee achieves tenure. Promotion to Associate and Full Professor is possible. (Under exceptional circumstances immediate appointment as Associate Professor can be considered.)
The university functions in English.
Information about the Group and the University:
https://www.tue.nl/en/research/research-groups/philosophy-ethics/
https://research.tue.nl/en/organisations/philosophy-ethics/persons/
https://www.tue.nl/en/careers/working-conditions/
Monthly salary: € 3.637 - € 4.978 (scale 11)
Ca. 14 salaries per year = ca. € 50-70.000 per year before tax. Candidates who come to the Netherlands from abroad usually qualify to receive 30% of their salary tax-free, for 5 years. See the "Dutch Income Tax Calculator" - https://thetax.nl/
[Updated job ad]
Die Universität Klagenfurt schreibt folgende Stelle zur Besetzung aus:
Universitätsassistentin / Universitätsassistent
an der Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften, Institut für Philosophie, im Beschäftigungsausmaß von 100 % (Uni-KV: B1, www.aau.at/uni-kv). Das monatliche Mindestentgelt für diese Verwendung beträgt € 2.864,50 brutto (14 x jährlich) und kann sich auf Basis der kollektivvertraglichen Vorschriften durch die Anrechnung tätigkeitsspezifischer Vorerfahrungen erhöhen. Voraussichtlicher Beginn des auf vier Jahre befristeten Angestelltenverhältnisses ist der 1. Oktober 2019.
Der Aufgabenbereich umfasst:
Eigene Forschung im Hinblick auf die Abfassung einer Dissertation
Selbstständige Lehre in den Gebieten Praktische Philosophie, Gender Studies und/oder Psychoanalyse und Kulturphilosophie im Rahmen der Curricula des Instituts für Philosophie
Mitwirkung an Lehr- und Forschungsarbeiten des Instituts sowie in Gremien
Voraussetzungen:
Abgeschlossenes Master- oder Diplomstudium der Philosophie oder abgeschlossenes Master- oder Diplomstudium der Geschichte, Germanistik, Romanistik, Slawistik, Pädagogik oder Psychologie mit einem nachweisbaren philosophischen Schwerpunkt an einer in- oder ausländischen Hochschule
Forschung in zwei der folgenden Gebiete: Praktische Philosophie, Gender Studies, Psychoanalyse und Kulturphilosophie
Der Nachweis der Erfüllung aller Voraussetzungen für die Einstellung muss bis spätestens 22. Mai 2019 vorliegen.
Erwünscht sind:
Die aufrechte Zulassung zu einem Doktoratsstudium im Dissertationsgebiet der Philosophie insbesondere bei einem anderen als einem Studienabschluss (Mag. oder BA und MA) in Philosophie
Gute Deutschkenntnisse
Erste Vorträge und Publikation/en
Teamfähigkeit
Auslandsaufenthalt/e
Bewerberinnen / Bewerber, die in ihrer selbstständigen philosophischen Arbeit Kreativität mit wissenschaftlicher Genauigkeit verbinden
Die Stelle dient der fachlichen und wissenschaftlichen Bildung von AbsolventInnen eines Masters- bzw. Diplomstudiums mit dem Ziel des Abschlusses eines Doktoratsstudiums der Philosophie. Bewerbungen von Personen, die bereits über ein facheinschlägiges Doktorat bzw. einen facheinschlägigen PhD. verfügen, können daher nicht berücksichtigt werden.
Die Universität strebt eine Erhöhung des Frauenanteils beim wissenschaftlichen Personal insbesondere in Leitungsfunktionen an und fordert daher qualifizierte Frauen zur Bewerbung auf. Frauen werden bei gleicher Qualifikation vorrangig aufgenommen.
Menschen mit Behinderungen oder chronischen Erkrankungen, die die geforderten Qualifikationskriterien erfüllen, werden ausdrücklich zur Bewerbung aufgefordert.
Allgemeine Informationen finden BewerberInnen unter www.aau.at/jobs/information
Bei Interesse bewerben Sie sich mit den üblichen Unterlagen (inkl. Zeugniskopien und Notenspiegel) sowie einem wissenschaftlichen Aufsatz oder Textstück in einem ähnlichen Umfang und einer Projektskizze bis 22. Mai 2019. Bewerbungen sind ausschließlich bei der Stelle mit der Kennung 171/19 in der Rubrik „Wissenschaftliches Universitätspersonal“ über den „Für diese Stelle bewerben“-Button im Job-Portal unter jobs.aau.at möglich.
Es besteht kein Anspruch auf Abgeltung von Reise- und Aufenthaltskosten, die aus Anlass des Aufnahmeverfahrens entstehen.
The ethical problems arising from private data on digital platforms are becoming increasingly recognised, from the Snowden revelations to the Cambridge Analytica scandal. This project will investigate approaches to ethically managing such data. The project will deliver a systematic ethical assessment of the diversity of privacy and related issues that are associated with the collection and storage of various personal information by websites. Ethical assessment will focus on similarities and differences in privacy and related expectations regarding different types of personal information (from browser behaviour to video selfies), modes of collection and storage, and the purposes for which they are or could be used. This will be based in part on consultations of stakeholders and their values and preferences regarding privacy and related issues, as well as responsible innovation, such as open source and gender issues. This will provide an analysis of the proper division of labour between privacy policies and technological protections offered by the various approaches considered. Within this position you will have significant freedom in making the topic your own and selecting your own research questions, theories, and methods. We encourage innovation. Your principal supervisor for this position will be prof. dr. Kevin Macnish, assistant professor in philosophy and ethics of technology at the university of Twente. Prof. dr. Philip Brey will also supervise you. This position includes two (supported) two-months secondments (i.e., periods during which you will work from another institution): the first at Trinity College Dublin with prof. dr. Linda Hogan, professor in ethics; the second (three months) is at Castlebridge in Wexford, Ireland, with mr. Daragh O’Brien. There will also be opportunities for secondments and shorter stays at leading tech companies and policy organisations.
Profile
You have a Master’s degree in ethics, philosophy, or a related discipline. In addition, you:
• have good philosophical and analytical skills
• have an interest in practical applications of ethics
• are familiar with, or are interested in, ethical and philosophical aspects of the computer and information sciences, in particular artificial intelligence and big data;
• have good English language skills, both in writing and speaking
• have good social and communication skills in academic as well as non-academic contexts
• appreciate multidisciplinary collaboration
• are able to work independently, but also motivated to collaborate with others, including project participants and partners from different countries and with diverse backgrounds
• For position 1, familiarity with foresight methods or bioethics is desirable
The PROTECT consortium and project
PROTECT is an international, interdisciplinary and cross academic-industry training network hosted across Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium. It is recruiting 14 Early Stage Researchers (ESR) to undertake research towards PhDs in the disciplines of law, ethics or computer science, with the common goal of Protecting Personal Data Amidst Big Data Innovation.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action (MSCA) grant agreement No. 813497. More information here: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/ma...
Eligibility Criteria
All researchers recruited must be Early-Stage Researchers (ESR). Early-Stage researchers are those who, at the time of recruitment by the host are in the first four years (full-time equivalent research experience) of their research careers and have not been awarded a doctoral degree. This is measured from the date when they obtain the degree that formally entitles them to embark on a doctorate (either in the country in which the degree was obtained or in the country in which the researcher is recruited, even if a doctorate was never started or envisaged).
Conditions of Mobility of Researchers
Researchers are required to undertake physical, transnational mobility (i.e. move from one country to another) when taking up their appointment. Researchers must not have resided or carried out their main activity (work, studies, etc.) in the country of their host organizations for more than 12 months in the 3 years prior to their recruitment. Short stays, such as holidays, are not taken into account. Note that the mobility rule applies to the (first) beneficiary where the researcher is recruited, and not to beneficiaries to which the researcher is sent or seconded.
Because of the mobility conditions, potential applicants who have carried out their main activity in the Netherlands since June 2016 are not eligible for the University of Twente positions but can apply to related positions offered by the PROTECT Network at Dublin City University.
Researchers at Risk
The following aspects are in place to ensure access to researchers at risk and those with refugee status:
• Application submission by post where online application requirements may discriminate against the researcher’s circumstances (please contact the project manager)
• Application of the eligibility criteria appropriately to ensure researchers who have suspended their activities whilst seeking refugee status are not disadvantaged
Our offer
We offer a very challenging fulltime position for four years in an inspiring multidisciplinary and international environment. The university offers a dynamic ecosystem with enthusiastic colleagues in which internationalization is an important part of the strategic agenda.
• A starting salary of € 2.325 in the first year and a salary of € 2.972 in the fourth year gross per month;
• A holiday allowance of 8% of the gross annual salary and a year-end bonus of 8.3% (on top of the starting salary);
• A solid pension scheme;
• Minimum of 29 holidays in case of full-time employment;
• Professional and personal development programs
• A program of graduate courses taught by an international staff, including members of the 4TU.Centre for Ethics and Technology
The preferred starting date is September 1st, 2019.
Job application
Your application should include the following information and documents:
• Full name
• Nationality
• Contact detail
• Summary of activities in the three years prior to May 2019
• Summary of education
• List of max 3 examples of work demonstrating prior achievement in research, enquiry or debate, e.g., published paper or other work; software, standards or policy contribution; dissertation or Master’s thesis
• A writing sample (for example, a copy of your Master’s thesis)
• A summary and table of contents of your Master’s thesis (if applicable)
• A cover letter which explains your interest in the position and your qualifications for it
• A curriculum vitae which includes the name and e-mail address/telephone number for at least two references
You should upload your application(s) after May 7 via www.utwente.nl/vacatures/en > vacancies > current vacancies. The application deadline is Saturday 25 May, 2019, 23:59 CET. We will hold interviews on June 3rd and 4h; Skype interviews are an option. You should feel free to apply to more than one position; in that case, please upload separate cover letters for each position.